Mitundu ya Android

Tonsefe timadziwa kuti pali zopanda malire Zolemba Zogwira Ntchito, kuti software zomwe zimatithandiza kuti kompyuta kapena foni igwire ntchito popanda zovuta. Titha kupeza zowoneka bwino kwambiri, monga Windows, koma palinso zina zomwe nthawi zina sizimadziwika, monga zimakhalira mpaka pano. Android. Mu danga lino mutha kupeza chilichonse chokhudzana ndi machitidwe amakono, upangiri, zambiri ndi chilichonse chokhudzana nawo.

Chaka chilichonse, Android imatulutsa mtundu watsopano wokhala ndi zinthu zambiri zatsopano ndi kukonza. Tikukufotokozerani zamitundu yaposachedwa ya Android, zosintha ndi mphekesera zakutulutsa komwe kukubwera.

Mu 2018, panali zaka 10 kuyambira kukhazikitsidwa kwa Android kumsika. Makina ogwiritsa a Google adakhala ndi chitukuko chodabwitsa pazaka zambiri. Opanga ochulukirachulukira amagwiritsa ntchito makinawa, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, ndipo mzaka zapitazi matembenuzidwe osiyanasiyana adatulutsidwa kale.

Ndi mtundu uliwonse watsopano wa Android, mawonekedwe atsopano ndi kusintha kwakukulu kwabwera ku makina opangira. Chotsatira tikambirana za mitundu iyi, kuti muthe kuzindikira bwino za kusinthika komwe kwakhala kukuchitika pazaka zambiri.

Pulogalamu ya Android 1.0

Njira yoyamba yoyendetsera ntchitoyi idakhazikitsidwa mwalamulo pa Seputembara 23, 2008. Foni yoyamba kugwiritsa ntchito inali HTC Dream. Njira yogwiritsira ntchito sinali yangwiro, koma mumatha kuwona zazing'ono zomwe zingakhalepo pakapita nthawi.

Ntchito zina zidayambitsidwa zomwe zikadalipo mpaka pano, monga kulumikizana ndi Gmail, mapulogalamu a Google monga Maps, Calendar, Contacts, YouTube kapena injini zosakira za Google mu msakatuli. Android Market (mtundu woyambirira wa Google Play Store) idaperekedwanso kwa ogwiritsa ntchito. Ngakhale m'miyezi yoyamba simukadagula mapulogalamu.

Mwezi wonse wa 2009 mitundu yambiri idatulutsidwa, Banana Bread 1.1, Cupcake 1.5 ndi Donut 1.6. Ndizowonjezera zamitundu yapakatikati momwe ntchito zatsopano zidayambitsidwa, kuphatikiza pazosintha zina mu mawonekedwe a Android. Chofunikira kwambiri chinali Android 1.6 Donut, yomwe idadziwika kuti idafika pagulu. HTC Magic inali foni ya quintessential mgululi.

Android 2.0 / 2.1 Eclair

Pa Okutobala 26, 2009, mtundu wachiwiri wa makina opangira udafika mwalamulo. Nkhani zambiri zidabwera nayo, ambiri aiwo adakalipo mpaka pano. Kuyenda pa Google Maps kudayambitsidwa, msakatuli adasinthiratu, ndipo zenera lakunyumba lidasinthidwa tsopano.

Kuyamba kwa kuyenda mu Google Maps chinali chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pa Android. Popeza foni yam'manja imakhalanso chida chomwe ogwiritsa ntchito amatha kugwiritsa ntchito poyang'ana okha kapena kukonza njira. Ntchito yofunikira kwa ogwiritsa ntchito. Imodzi mwa mafoni omwe adagwiritsa ntchito mtunduwu ndi Galaxy S. M'badwo woyamba wamapeto a mtundu waku Korea.

Android 2.2 Froyo

Patangopita miyezi ingapo, pa Meyi 20, 2010, Froyo adafika. Mwanjira imeneyi, mutha kuwona ntchito yokhazikika ya Google kukonza makinawa ndi ntchito zatsopano komanso kusintha kapangidwe kake. Mtunduwu ndi umodzi mwamakasitomala ambiri omwe adakumana nawo ndi Android.

Wopanga Dalvik, malamulo amawu kapena mawonekedwe a Adoble Flash ndizosintha zazikulu zomwe makina atsopanowa adatisiyira. Ndi mtundu uwu wamakina, HTC Desire idabweranso kumsika. Foni yomwe idatchuka kwambiri pakati pa ogula.

Mkate wa Gingerbread wa Android 2.3

Kumapeto kwa 2010 tinali ndi mtundu watsopano wa Android pamsika. Ngati am'mbuyomu adatenga kale njira zazikulu pakapita patsogolo kwawo pamsika, mwina ndi mtundu uwu womwe udali kukula kwawo kotsimikizika. Anali mtundu woyeserera kwambiri wamachitidwe, m'njira iliyonse. Zonse potengera kapangidwe ndi kagwiritsidwe.

Mmenemo, kuthandizira kwa masensa monga gyroscope kapena barometer kudaphatikizidwa koyamba. Kuphatikiza apo, pama foni ambiri inali mtundu womaliza womwe adalandira, chifukwa Google idayamba kusiya kupereka chithandizo. Zinalinso zofunikira chifukwa pamodzi ndi iyo, Samsung Galaxy Note yoyamba idabwera kumsika.

Chisa cha zisa cha Android 3.0

Marichi 2011, patangotha ​​miyezi itatu kuchokera momwe tidayambira kale, tili ndi mtundu watsopano wa Android wokonzeka. Sikuti ndi mtundu uliwonse, chifukwa udafika pamsika pakati pa boom ya piritsi. Pachifukwa ichi, mtundu wa makina opangira udapangidwa womwe umagwirizananso ndi mapiritsi.

M'malo mwake, mtundu uwu wa 3.0 umangogwirizana ndi mapiritsi. Idawonetsa kulowa kwa Google mgululi. Linali mtundu wopangidwa kuti ugwiritsidwe ntchito pazenera lokulirapo, ndi ntchito zatsopano ndi ma widget, komanso njira zosiyanasiyana. Inali nthawi yakukula pamsika, momwe mitundu yambiri imayika pachiwopsezo ndi mitundu.

Android 4.0 Ice Cream Sandwich

Miyezi ingapo pambuyo pake, kumapeto kwa 2011, makamaka pa Okutobala 12, 2011, mtundu wa 4.0 wa opareshoni udayambitsidwa. Mtundu wa Android udayitanitsa kuphatikiza chilichonse. Chifukwa idaperekedwa kwa mafoni ndi mapiritsi onse. Idawonetsa chiyambi cha nyengo yatsopano yantchito.

Mawonedwe anali kusintha kwakukulu kwa Google. Zinthu monga kugwiritsa ntchito ma widget otseka, mabatani pazenera, komanso kuthekera kochotsa zidziwitso ndi manja zidayambitsidwa. Idawonetsanso kubwera kwa Android Beam pamsika. Motorola inali imodzi mwazinthu zotsogola panthawiyi, ndi mitundu ngati Moto RAZR.

Android 4.1 Jelly Bean

Mtundu wotsatira wa opareting'i sisitimu, womwe udatulutsidwa mu Juni 2012, ndi umodzi mwodziwika kwambiri mpaka pano. Kuphatikiza pa kukhala imodzi mwamakampani omwe akupezeka pamsika padziko lonse lapansi. Zomwe wogwiritsa ntchito adasintha kwambiri, popeza dongosololi tsopano likuyankha mwanjira yowonjezera. Kugwiritsa ntchito kunali kwabwino kwambiri.

Malamulo amawu ndikubwera kwa Google Now zinali zinthu ziwiri zofunika kwambiri mu Android Jelly Bean. Zidziwitso zidasinthidwa ndipo Project Butter ifikanso, yomwe inali yofunika kwambiri m'dongosolo. The Sony Xperia Z inali yotsogola panthawiyi. Chifukwa cha kamera yake ya 13 MP ndikukhala opanda madzi, imodzi mwama foni oyamba a Android pankhaniyi.

Android 4.4 KitKat

Android 4.4 KitKat ndi mtundu womwe umakondedwabe ndi ogwiritsa ntchito ambiri masiku ano. Inakhazikitsa maziko aomwe ntchitoyo ilili lero. Google idaphatikizira matekinoloje angapo ofunikira, omwe alipobe pakadali pano. Kuphatikiza apo, idawonetsa kubwera kwa lamulo la Ok Google.

Kapangidwe kameneka kamapitilirabe pakusintha kwake, kokhala kotsuka pang'ono komanso kosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito mawonekedwe. Kuphatikiza apo, kusintha kunapangidwa kuti mafoni am'munsi azichita bwino nthawi zonse. Kujambula pazithunzi kunayambitsidwanso pazida.

Android 5.0 Lollipop

Yakhazikitsidwa mu Novembala 2014, ndi imodzi mwamasinthidwe omwe adabweretsa chisangalalo chapadera pakati pa ogwiritsa ntchito Android. Sichinthu chodabwitsa, chifukwa ndi chimodzi mwazomwe zidatisiyira kusintha kwakukulu. Zojambulajambula zidalowetsa ndi mtundu uwu wa makina opangira. Kunali kusintha kwakukulu koyamba komwe adatisiya.

Zinatanthauzanso kubwera kwa mapurosesa atsopano a 64-bit, popeza Android tsopano idawathandiza. Thandizo la Multiscreen lidayambitsidwanso, Smartlock adafika pamakina ogwiritsira ntchito ndipo pamapeto pake, Project Volta idafika.

Android 6.0 Marshmallow

Mu Okutobala 2015, mtundu wachisanu ndi chimodzi wa Android unali kale pamsika. Mtundu wopitilira, momwe zinali zowonekeratu kuti Google anali kale ndi malingaliro omveka bwino pazomwe akufuna kukwaniritsa ndi makina opangira. Koma, kukhalabe ndi chizolowezi chobweretsa kusintha kofunikira mmenemo.

M'mawonekedwe awa, adaganiza zosintha zomwe zidalipo mu Android. Panalibe kusintha kwakukulu, koma panali zosintha zambiri, zopangira magwiridwe antchito. Kusamalira mabatire kunakonzedwa bwino, zilolezo za pulogalamuyo tsopano zinali zokhozeka, ndipo zosungira zosinthika zinali pano. Inabweretsanso khadi ya SD kuma foni a Android. Google Now idayambitsanso On Tap, yomwe mwanjira inayake idakhazikitsa maziko a zomwe Google Assistant lero.

Android 7.0 Nougat

Mtundu waposachedwa kwambiri, womwe m'miyezi yaposachedwa udagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Kufika kwake kwatsala pang'ono kuphimbidwa ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa Google Pixel. Kusaka kwamawu inali imodzi mwa makiyi a Android iyi. Komanso masinthidwe achilankhulo mwachangu. Ngakhale ntchito yomwe ambiri anali kuyembekezera inali mawindo osiyanasiyana. China chake chomwe chidafika kale ndi Nougat.

Monga mtundu wam'mbuyomu, Google idadzipereka kupitiliza kukonza zinthu zambiri zomwe zilipo pakadali pano. Kupita patsogolo kwake kunali kocheperako pamsika, koma amadziwika kuti korona ngati mtundu womwe udachoka ndikusintha komanso kugwiritsa ntchito bwino kwa ogwiritsa ntchito.

Android 8.0 Oreo

Yotulutsidwa mu Ogasiti 2017, mtundu uwu wa Android umatchulidwa ndi ambiri kuti ndiwanzeru kwambiri. Google Assistant adalumikizidwa mu Android, kuwonetsa kuti chinali chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pamakampani aku America. Kwa ena onse, kusintha kwakung'ono kunali kubwera m'dongosolo.

Zowonjezera pakukwaniritsa kwamagalimoto, kuyambitsa Makanema-Pazithunzi. Kuphatikiza pa mapulogalamu apompopompo, omwe mungayesere popanda kuwaika, zomwe ndizothekanso ndimasewera. Mtundu womwe udatsagana ndi m'badwo wachiwiri wa Google Pixel. Pixel 2 XL mosakayikira ndi imodzi mwazinthu zabwino kwambiri komanso zabwino kwambiri zotulutsidwa pa Android.

Android 9.0 Pie

Mtundu waposachedwa kwambiri wa makinawa mpaka pano, omwe adatulutsidwa mu Ogasiti 2018. Mtundu womwe nzeru zamakono zakhala pano pa Android. Amapangidwa kuti azigwiritsa ntchito njira yatsopano m'njira yatsopano. China chake chomwe chikuwonetsedwa m'ma manja.

Zosintha zapangidwanso kasamalidwe ka batri, kuwala kosinthika. Kuphatikiza apo, tikuwona momwe notch yakhala chinthu chofala pakati pa mafoni. China chake chomwe chimakakamiza makina ndi mapulogalamu kuti azolowere kapangidwe katsopano kameneka pama foni a m'manja a Android.

Android 10.0

Android 10.0 ndiye mtundu waposachedwa kwambiri wamakina ogwiritsira ntchito mafoni a Google, okhala ndi zinthu zingapo zowonjezera zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ikhale yopambana kuposa mitundu yam'mbuyomu. Mtundu uwu wa Android umakupatsani mwayi wogwiritsa ntchito zosalala komanso zotetezeka, komanso kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwakukulu kwa ogwiritsa ntchito.

Chimodzi mwazosintha zazikulu mu mtundu uwu wa Android ndi mawonekedwe atsopano ogwiritsa ntchito zomwe ndi zomveka komanso zosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito. Kukonzekera kwatsopano kumapangitsa kuti zikhale zosavuta kuyendetsa dongosolo ndikulola ogwiritsa ntchito kupeza mwamsanga zomwe akufuna. Zithunzizo ndizokulirapo komanso zomveka bwino, ndipo kapangidwe kake ndi kamakono komanso kocheperako.

Android 10.0 imabweretsanso chitetezo ndi zowonjezera zachinsinsi. Mwachitsanzo, pali chinthu china chatsopano chotchedwa "Location Limit" chomwe chimakupatsani mwayi wolamulira kuchuluka kwa zomwe mumagawana ndi mapulogalamu ndi ntchito. Izi zimakuthandizani kuti muteteze zinsinsi zanu komanso kuti data yanu isagwiritsidwe ntchito molakwika.

Kuphatikiza apo, mtundu uwu wa Android nawonso yathandizira chithandizo chake pazida zosiyanasiyana. Izi zikutanthauza kuti tsopano zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito pazida zosiyanasiyana, monga mafoni am'manja, mapiritsi, mawotchi anzeru, ndi zida zina. Izi zimapangitsa Android kukhala njira yosunthika kwambiri kwa ogwiritsa ntchito.

Android 10.0 ilinso idathandizira chithandizo chake pamapulogalamu ndi masewera. Tsopano pali zosankha zambiri kwa ogwiritsa ntchito, kuphatikiza kuthekera kosewera zenizeni zenizeni ndi masewera owonjezera. Izi zimapangitsa kuti masewerawa azikhala bwino komanso osangalatsa.

Imaperekanso fayilo ya kusintha kwakukulu kwa batri. Izi zikutanthauza kuti ogwiritsa ntchito amatha kusangalala ndi moyo wautali wa batri, kulola kuti mafoni azigwira ntchito motalikirapo popanda kulipira.

Android 11.0

Chimodzi mwazinthu zazikulu za Android 11.0 ndi chitetezo ndi chinsinsi. Onjezani chinthu chomwe chimalola ogwiritsa ntchito kuwongolera omwe angapeze zambiri zaumwini, monga malo, kamera, ndi maikolofoni. Izi zikutanthauza kuti ogwiritsa ntchito amawongolera bwino zomwe amagawana.

Chinthu chinanso chofunikira cha Android 11.0 ndi kulumikizana bwino. Ogwiritsa ntchito tsopano atha kulumikizana ndi intaneti kudzera pa Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, ndi 5G. Izi zikutanthauza kuti ogwiritsa ntchito amatha kugwiritsa ntchito zida zawo mwachangu komanso mosiyanasiyana.

Komanso, Android 11.0 imaphatikizapo kusintha kwa batri, kulola ogwiritsa ntchito kusunga mphamvu pamene akusangalala ndi zomwe akugwiritsa ntchito. Mtundu uwu wa opaleshoni dongosolo amaperekanso a kukhathamiritsa kogwiritsa ntchito kukumbukira bwino, kulola ogwiritsa ntchito kuti apindule kwambiri ndi zida zawo.

Android 11.0 imaperekanso kusintha kwamasewera. Makina ogwiritsira ntchitowa awongoleredwa kuti azitha kuchita bwino pamasewera, kulola ogwiritsa ntchito kusangalala ndi masewerawa mosasamala kanthu za chipangizo chomwe akugwiritsa ntchito.

Android 12.0

Mtunduwu umabwera wodzaza ndi zosintha komanso zatsopano zomwe zipangitsa moyo kukhala wosavuta kwa ogwiritsa ntchito.

Chimodzi mwazinthu zodziwika bwino za Android 12.0 ndi mawonekedwe atsopano. Mawonekedwewa adapangidwa kuti akhale owoneka bwino komanso amakono, okhala ndi utoto watsopano, kumvetsetsa bwino manja, makanema ojambula osalala, komanso makonda ambiri.

Kuwongolera kwina kofunikira ndi kuthandizira mawonekedwe azithunzi za HEIC. Izi zikutanthauza kuti ogwiritsa ntchito tsopano amatha kujambula zithunzi mumtundu wapamwamba kwambiri popanda kukhudza malo osungira, omwe ndi abwino kwa ogwiritsa ntchito omwe ali ndi mafoni okumbukira ochepa.

Android 12.0 komanso yawongolera zowongolera zachinsinsi, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti ogwiritsa ntchito ali ndi mphamvu zambiri pazomwe amagawana ndi ena. Ogwiritsa ntchito tsopano atha kuchepetsa mwayi wopezeka pazambiri zawo, kusankha nthawi yomwe zambiri zigawidwe, komanso mapulogalamu omwe angawone zambiri.

Android 12.0 komanso zasintha magwiridwe antchito a batri. Izi zikutanthauza kuti mafoni atha kupita nthawi yayitali pakati pa zolipiritsa, zomwe ndi zabwino kwa iwo omwe amakhala nthawi yayitali kutali ndi kwawo ndipo alibe mwayi wolowera padoko.

Komanso, Android 12.0 nayenso chitetezo chawongoleredwa bwino. Izi zikutanthauza kuti ogwiritsa ntchito akhoza kukhala otetezeka kwambiri akamagwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zawo, chifukwa makina ogwiritsira ntchito amatha kuzindikira zoopsa zomwe zingatheke ndikuziletsa asanawononge.

Android 13

Android 13 ndi mtundu wa Android, makina ogwiritsira ntchito pazida zam'manja, omwe adatulutsidwa mu June 2020. Ndi mtundu wowongoka kwambiri wa Android wokhala ndi zinthu zingapo zatsopano komanso zosintha.

Android 13 imaphatikizanso mtundu watsopano wa Google Play Services API womwe umadziwika kuti Android Runtime (ART). API iyi idakhazikitsidwa pachilankhulo cha Java ndipo imalola opanga kupanga mapulogalamu ndi ogwiritsa ntchito bwino. API iyi imaphatikizanso kusintha kwa magwiridwe antchito, zida zotetezedwa, komanso kugwirizanitsa kwambiri ndi zida za Android.

Chinthu china chodziwika bwino cha Android 13 ndikuthandizira nsanja yatsopano ya Google, kungoyerekeza. Pulatifomuyi imalola ogwiritsa ntchito kusangalala ndi zenizeni zenizeni pazida zawo zam'manja. Pulatifomuyi imaperekanso luso la ogwiritsa ntchito chifukwa chazithunzi zabwino, kuthandizira kuwongolera koyenda, komanso kuyanjana kwakukulu ndi zida za Android.

Poyerekeza ndi mitundu yam'mbuyomu ya Android, Android 13 imapereka kusintha kwakukulu kwa ogwiritsa ntchito. Zosinthazi zikuphatikiza mawonekedwe amakono a ogwiritsa ntchito, kugwiritsa ntchito bwino kwa ogwiritsa ntchito, kugwirizanitsa kwambiri ndi zida za Android, kukonza magwiridwe antchito, komanso chitetezo chabwino. Kusintha uku kumapangitsa Android 13 kukhala mtundu wosinthika kwambiri wa omwe adatsogolera ndipo zapereka chilimbikitso chachikulu pakuchita bwino kwa Android.